Fadhilatunnisa_ss501

The simplest definition of midwifery is “with woman”, but truly, midwifery means different things to different people. For many, the midwifery model is an attitude about woman and how pregnancy and birth occur, and view that pregnancy and birth are normal events until proven otherwise. It is an attitude of giving and sharing information, of empowerment, and of respecting the right of a woman and her family to determine their own care.
The attitude of midwifery, or the midwifery model can be contrasted with the medical model. In general, Medical Model is an attitude that there is potential pathology in any given situation, and that medicine can assist to improve the situation. Medicine is also about teaching, informing, and prevention, but the power seems to be more with the provider rather than with the woman.
Historically, midwifes have always been around to help woman give birth. Before physicians, midwifes were the primary healers in their communities. They were the medicine women of their own cultures, and assisted families and woman throughout their lives. In the old testament they were described as examples of the strength and faith in God.
Midwifes were once the nutritionists, herbalists, doctors, ministers, counselors, all rolled in to one ‘profession. Many feel they were the first holistic practitioners. Midwifes were always available to help the poor, the woman without medical care or the woman who  were the outcasts of their culture. Today, midwives take care of anyone who wishes to see them, but practice within the constraints of their medical and legal systems.
Today midwives are as diverse as the populations they serve. Midwives are willing to take care of anyone who wishes to see them. Over 70% of birth in the world are attended by midwives. In the Netherlands, midwives deliver a majority of the babies. Other countries do not utilize midwives to their fullest potential. Each country worldwide has a slightly different view of midwifery, and of how midwives work within their communities. In sci.med.midwifery, midwives will speak from these various perspectives and cultures. Midwives are encouraged to share their statistics and work situations within this newsgroup.
The World Health Organization (WHO) presents us with the following definition of the midwife: A midwife is a person who having been regularly admitted to a midwifery educational program, duly recognized in the country in which it is located, has successfully completed the pescribed course of studies in midwifery and has acquired the requisite qualifications to be registered and/or legally licensed to practice midwifery. (WHO, FIGO, ICM statement) Midwives teach, educate and empower woman to take control of their own health care. In most communities, they provide prenatal care, or supervision of the pregnancy, and then assist the mother to give birth. They manage the birth, and guard the woman and her newborn in the postpartum period.
Most midwives encourage and monitor women throughout their labor with techniques to improve the labor and birth. Reassurance, positive imaging and suggestions to change position and walk helps labors progress. Many midwives provide family planning services and routine women’s health examinations such as pap smears and physical examinations. They teach women about sexually transmitted infections, and focus on prevention of the spread of infections. What specifically midwifes do will depend on: her training, her licensure, and what is allowed in the state, province, or country in which she practices. For example, in the united states some midwives can prescribe medications, provide women’s health care throughout the menopause years. Midwives worldwide births in the home, hospital or birthing center, depending upon their education and licensure, and the rules governing their practices.
Midwives believe it is especially important to provide time for questions, teaching, and time to listen to the concerns and needs of the women they care for. The WHO definition of the midwife gives us the following guidelines about what midwives do: She must be able to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labour and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on her own responsibility and to care for the newborn and the infant. This care includes preventative measures, the detection of abnormal conditions in mother and child, the procurement of medical assistance and the execution of emergency measures in the absence of medical help. She has an important task in health counseling and education, not only for the woman, but also within the family and the community. The work should involve antenatal education and preparation for parenthood and extends to certain areas of gynecology, family planning and child care. She may practice in the hospitals, clinics, health units, domiciliary conditions of in any other services. (WHO,FIGO, ICM Statement).

( source: http://imansumaryo.wordpress.com/2009/09/14/bahasa-inggris-semester-1-d-iv-bidan-husada-borneo/ )

A.    LIST OF VOCABULARIES

o    Care : perawatan
o    Midwive : Bidan
o    Birth : kelahiran
o    Pregnancy : kehamilan
o    Medical : medis / yang berhubungan dengan pengobatan
o    Medicine : obat
o    Physician : dokter / tabib
o    Prenatal : sebelum melahirkan
o    Menopause : mati haid
o    Prescribe : menulis resep
o    Pathology : ilmu penyakit

B.    Answer the question below!

1. What is midwife?
2. What do midwives do?
3. What is midwifery according to the text?
4. What is midwifery according to WHO ( World Health Organization )?
5. What is midwife according to your opinion?

C.    The question for discussion.

1. What is difference between midwife and obstetrician, explain briefly!
2. Why do you want to be midwife?
3. Is midwifery care safe?

D.    Tenses

•     Simple present tense

Bentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan bahwa pekerjaannya dilakukan pada waktu sekarang sebagai suatu kebiasaan.
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S+V1(es / s ) orang ketiga tunggal (she, he, it)+O…
She goes to hospital everyday
(-) S+does/do not V1+O…
She does not go to hospital everyday; They do not go to hospital everyday
(?) Does/do+S+V1+O…
Do you smoke ?
Waktu sekarang sebagai kebiasaan, dinyatakan dengan keterangan
waktu seperti :
Every day : setiap hari
Every week : setiap minggu
Every month : setiap bulan
Every year : setiap tahun
Every Friday : setiap hari Jum'at
On Friday : setiap hari Jum’at
Twice a week : dua kali seminggu
Once a week : sekali seminggu
In the morning : di pagi hari
Adverb of Frequency
Always : selalu
Sometimes : kadangkala
Usually : biasanya
Seldom : jarang-jarang
Often : seringkali
Never : tidak pernah
Hardly ever : hampir tidak pernah

The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote of the wisdom and intelligence of Greek midwives. In the 16th century, Franch midwives were instrumental in advancing the field of obstetrics.
Midwifery profession that provide health care for women, especially during pregnancy and childbirth. Midwives or practitioners of midwifery have assisted women in giving birth since in ancient times. Today midwives deliver more than two-thirds of the world’s infants and provide many other gynecological services. Midwives care for women to developing countries where Physician may be scarce in many developed countries.
Midwives base their practice on the understanding that pregnancy and childbirth are natural processes and health care should be personalized to meet the needs of a women and her family. While the practice of midwifery differs worldwide, most midwives provide prenatal care, assist the birth process, and offer emotional and psychological support for the women and her family during the birth experience.



A.    List Of Vocabularies 

•      Midwifery : kebidanan

•      Pregnancy : kehamilan

•      Childbirth : kelahiranbayi

•      Physician : Fisik

•      Infant : bayi / orok

•      Care : peduli

•      Prenatal : masa sebelum kelahiran

B.    Read the text and then answer the question below!

1.    When did Franch midwive were instrumental in advancing the field of obstrics?
2.    What does midwifery provide for women?
3.    What is the rule of midwifery according to the text above?

C.    Find adjective and verb in the text above!

No.    Adjective    Verb
1.       
2.       
3.       
4.       
5.       

D.    Tenses

•     Present continuous tense

Digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau kegiatan yang sedang
berlangsung saat sekarang.
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S+to be (is, are, am)+ V1-ing+O…
I am studying English now
(-) S+to be +not+V1+O…
She is not leaving now
(?) To be+ S+V1-ing+O
Is she coming this morning ?

Midwifery benefits pregnant women in several ways. Midwives encourage women to actively participate in health care decision. They teach women how to best care for themselves trough proper nutrition and exercise, giving women greater control over their pregnancies and birth experiences. Many women find this level of participation satisfying.
Although most midwife-attended births take a place in hospitals, midwives may also less in clinical setting such as home or homelike, out-of-hospital birth center. This nonthreatening, comfortable atmosphere often helps a woman in labor feel more at ease and more in control of the birth process. In general midwives do not use invasive technology like obstetrical forceps in providing care during labor and birth. Minimizing the used of costly and sometimes painful medical tests and treatments appeals to many women.
During labor and birth, all of the midwife’s effort focuses on helping the women deliver her child with confidence. The midwife carefully monitors the mother’s blood pressure, pulse rate and dehydration levels, and the unborn child’s heart rate. Midwife-nurse are trained recognize prevent problem before they occur. In cases involving unexpected complications or emergency, most midwife arrangements with Physician to ensure that medical help is immediately available.
Midwives generally accept patient at low risk for complication during pregnancy and labor. The screen potential client for conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and a history of multiple births. Studies show that nurse-midwife care compares favorably to care provided by a Physician for low-risk pregnancy.




A.    List Of Vocabularies 

•      Pregnant : hamil

•      Nutrition : nutrisi / gizi

•      Hospital : rumahsakit

•      Threatening : mengancam

•      Treatment : pengobatan

•      Labor :kesakitan / kesulitan

•      Birth :kelahiran

•      Blood : darah

•      Emergency : keadaan darurat

•      Blood pressure : tekanan darah

B.    Answer the question from the text above!

1.    What is the benefit of midwifery according to the text above?
2.    What should midwives do during labor and birth?
3.    How does midwives facing emergency situation?

C.    Tenses

•     Present perfect tense

Bentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan bahwa pekerjaannya dimulai pada waktu lalu (indefinite time) dan pada saat diucapkan “sudah selesai dan ada hasilnya”
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S+has/have+V3/been+O…
I have taken a medicine
(-) S+has/have-not + V3/been + O…
I haven’t seen you for may age
(?) Has/have + S + V3/been + O…
Have you taken a medicine ?

D.    Find some tenses from the text above!

Pregnancy is the fertilization and development of one or more offspring, known as an embryo or fetus, in a woman's uterus. In a pregnancy, there can be multiple gestations, as in the case of twins or triplets. Childbirth usually occurs about 38 weeks after conception; in women who have a menstrual cycle length of four weeks, this is approximately 40 weeks from the start of the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies.
The term embryo is used to describe the developing offspring during the first 8 weeks following conception, and subsequently the term fetus is used henceforth until birth. 40% of pregnancies in the United States and United Kingdom are unplanned.
In many societies’ medical or legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three trimester periods, as a means to simplify reference to the different stages of prenatal development. The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage (natural death of embryo or fetus). During the second trimester, the development of the fetus can be more easily monitored and diagnosed. The beginning of the third trimester often approximates the point of viability, or the ability of the fetus to survive, with or without medical help, outside of the uterus.




A.    List of Vocabularies

o    Pregnancy : kehamilan
o    Fertilized : dibuahi
o    Childbirth : melahirkan
o    Embryo : janin
o    Prenatal : sebelum melahirkan
o    Fetus : janin
o    Diagnose : menentukan penyaki
o    Survive : menyelamatkan
o    Medical : pengobatan

B.    Answer the questions below!

1.    What is pregnancy according to the text above?
2.    How long the pregnancy until childbirth?
3.    What is the different between embryo and fetus?
4.    What is human pregnancy according to medical definition?
5.    Explain three period in pregnancy!

C.    Practice the dilaogue below!

Dialogue
PREGNANCY
Situation
Again the floor becomes very silent and serious. They have come to the subject of pregnancy.
Speaker : this morning another miracle of God will be discussed. Our subject is pregnancy
Margaretha : oh, dear…. My sister back home is now three months pregnant.
Speaker : development begins with the fertilized egg is still within the fallopian tube. Repeated implement divisions produces a solid ball of called a morula. Further mitosis and some migration of cells converts this into a hollow ball of cells called the blastocyst. About one week after fertilization… a process called implementation and pregnancy is established.
Hanum : sir, what does the blastocyst produce?
Speaker : the blastocyst produces two major divisions of cells. Three or four blastocyst cells develop into the inner cells mass which will in about two months become the fetus and ultimately the baby.
Michiko : that is truly a miracle!
(source: English for midwifery,2009)

D.    Special Expression

    That is truly a miracle
    That is really a mistery
    That’s really a sensation
    That is really a lie!
    That is really a manipulation
    That is really drama

E.    Asking question

Asking question for nurses and midwife is an important part to identify patient’s problem. In English, we have basically 4 types of question which are commonly used in speaking (1) Yes/No question, (2) Information question, (3) Choice question, and (4) Attached/negative question/Tag question. The following explanation below will address the four question :

(1) Yes/no question and short answer

Yes / No question	Short answer ( Long answer )
Do you know Ani ? Are you ready to an operation?	Yes, I do ( I know Ani ) No, I don’t ( I don’t know Ani ) Yes, I am	Yes or no question is question that can be answered yer or no.

 (2) Information question

A question that asks for information by using a question word: 5W & 1H
How
How have many uses.
(1) One use of how is to ask about means (ways)
- How pain is your stomach?
- How to measure Blood Pressure?
(2) How often: asks about frequency
- How often do you wake during your sleep?
- How many times a week do you check your pregnancy?
(3) How far: The most common way of expressing distance
- How far is your house to Dr. Soetomo Hospital?
(4) How long/ how many (time): asks for information about length of time
- How long will an caesarean operation are run?

Who, Whom, and What
(1) Who: is used as the subject(s) or question
- Who come? Someone come
(2) Who (m): is used as the object (O) in a question
- Whom did you see? I saw someone
(3) What: can be used as either: S and O
- What happened with your stomach?
- What do you think about midwifery profession?
(4) What kind of: asks for information about specific type
- What kind of medicine did you receive?
(5) Which: is used when the speaker wants some to make a choice, when
the speaker is offering alternatives
- Which one of leg is swollen?
(6) Where: asks for place
- Where are you going to see a doctor?
(7) When: asks for time
- When should Mrs. Ani get a laboratory test?
(8) Whose: asks about possession
- Whose book is this?

(3) Choice question

A question that can be used first by using to be (is, are, am, were, was) and
do, does, did, has, have, etc
- Is your pain in the left or right of your stomach?
- Are you hungry or suffering?

(4) Attached/negative questions/tag questions

The statement sentences which a speaker supposed to be or already known
the answer.
- You look very pale, don’t you?
- You are felling well after taking medicine, aren’t you?

Example of asking question
Asking question purpose to gather information needed in order to
explore and identify the relevance data.
For example:
1. Excuse me, can I ask you something?
2. What symptoms do you have?
3. Do you have pains here?
4. Are you covered by any health insurance?
5. Are you allergic to any antibiotics?

F.     Signs and symptons of pregnancy

Terminology	Meaning
Striae gravidarum	Appear to the breast, abdomen and thighs caused by stretching rupture
Morning sickness	Nausea or vomitting occurs usually in the morning
Quickening	Sensation of fetal
Hagar’s sign	Lower uterine segment sotens 6 to 8 weeks after the onset of LMP
Chadwick’s sign	Bluish or puplish discoloration of cervix and vaginal wall
Goodell’s sign	Softening of the servix may occur as early as 4 weeks
Braxton Hicks	Intermittent contraction of the uterus ( painless )
Ballottement	A sinking and rebounding of the fetus in its surrounding amniotic fluid
Leucorhea	Increase in vaginal dicharge
LMP	Last menstrual periode
Menarche	First of mense

                                                    

Hyperemesis gravidarum is pernicious or malignant nausea or vomiting associated with pregnancy. Unlike morning sickness transient nausea or vomiting that typically occurs during the first three semester hyperemesis gravidarum is severe and unremitting and may persist past the first trisemester. Left untreated, it can progress to dehydration, starvation, electrolyte, and acid base imbalancem liver damage, and hemmorhagic retinitis, ehich carries a high maternal mortality risk. The disorder must be treated before fital or significant maternal injury results. With appropriate treatment, the prognosis is usually good.
Etiology and precipitating factors:
1.    Coincident with elevated human chorionic gonadotropin (HOC) levels of pregnancy as well as even higher level associated with multiple pregnancy or hydatidiform mole.
2.    Hypoglycermia resulting from altered carbohydrate metabolism early in pregnancy
3.    Hyperthyroidism
4.    Psychological factors



A.    List Of Vocabularies

•      Vomiting :muntah

•      Sickness : penyakit

•      Pregnancy : kehamilan

•      Dehydration : kekurangancairan

•      Psychological : kejiwaan

B.    Answer the question from the text above!

1.    The term “hyperemesis gravidarum”same meaning of the term “morning sickness”. (true or false)
2.    What is exactly the meaning of hyperemesis gravidarum?
3.    What is the meaning of morning sickness?
4.    What happen if hyperemesis gravidarum left untreated?
5.    What is the meeaning of ( you can use the medical dictionary to answer the questions ):

• a.    Hydatidiform

• b.    Hypoglicemia

• c.    Hyperthyroidism

C.    Create the dialogue based on the text above!

D.    Tenses

•    Simple past tense

Bentuk kata kerja yang menyatakan “pekerjannya” dilakukan pada waktu lampau.
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S+V2/to be (was/were)+O…
(-) S+did not /was-were not + V1/Adjective
(?) Did/was-were + S+V1-ing
Pada waktu lampau itu dinyatakan dengan kata keterangan waktu
seperti :
• yesterday : kemarin
• the day before yesterday : kemarin dulu
• two days ago : dua hari yang lalu
• three months ago : tiga bulan yang lalu
• many years ago : bertahun-tahun yang lalu
• last night : tadi malam
• last month : bulan yang lalu
• last week : minggu yang lalu
• last year : tahun yang lalu
• Last Friday : hari Jum’at yang lalu
• this morning : tadi pagi
• formerly : dahulu

Childbirth is the process whereby an infant is born. It is considered to be the beginning of the infant's life, and age is defined relative to this event in most cultures.
A woman is considered to be in labour when she begins experiencing regular uterine contractions, accompanied by changes of her cervix – primarily effacement and dilation. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labours, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labour and lessen the sensations. Most births are successful vaginal births, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may undergo a cesarean section.
During the time immediately after birth, both the mother and the baby are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of oxytocin, a hormone also released during breastfeeding. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both mother and baby. A review done by the World Health Organization found that skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies after birth reduces crying, improves mother-infant interaction, and helps mothers to breastfeed successfully. They recommend that neonates be allowed to bond with the mother during their first two hours after birth, the period that they tend to be more alert than in the following hours of early life.




A.    List Of Vocabularies

     Childbirth : melahirkan
     Infant : bayi / orok
     Labour : persalinan
     Uterine : rahim
     Cervix : leher rahim
     Dilation : pembesaran
     Vaginal birth : tempat keluarnya bayi
     Undergo : menjalani
     Cesarean : pembedahan perut
     Breastfeed : menyusui

B.    Answer the question based on the text above!

1.    What is exactly the defenition of childbirth?
2.    When does woman say labour?
3.    Why did woman do caesarean birth?
4.    What happen after birth according to the text above?
5.    WHO find that ….

C.    Tenses

•   Past continuous tense

Untuk menyatakan peristiwa, kegiatan atau tindakan yang sedang terjadi di masa lampau.
Pola Kalimat :
(+) S+was/were+ V1-ing
I was working hard all day yesterday
(-) S+ was/were not +V1-ing
She was not walking last night
(?) Was/were + S+V1-ing
Was she walking ?

D.    Practice making sentence using past continuous tense!